
The phonetic symbols we make available to the scientific community have been divided into two groups, according to whether they can be used on their own or as bases of compound symbols (those are included in Chart 1 and their name begins with ipa) or whether they must be used necessarily as diacritics for compound symbols (those are included in Chart 2 and their name begins with dia). Formation of the compound symbols needs to be done from the creation of new animated *.gif which combine ipa and dia symbols in the fashion explained below.
| CHART 1 | Name | Symbol | Use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PLOSIVE | ipa001b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | |
| ipa002a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa003f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa003a.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa004a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa005f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa005e.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa006e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa007a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa008f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa008b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa009a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa010b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa011b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa012a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa013a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| NASAL | ipa014d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | |
| ipa015c.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with c-diacritics | ||
| ipa016a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa017b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa018c.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with c-diacritics | ||
| ipa019b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa020a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| TRILL | ipa021a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | |
| ipa022a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa023a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| TAP or FLAP | ipa024a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | |
| ipa025b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| FRICATIVE | ipa026e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | |
| ipa027e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa028f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa028a.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa029a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa030a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa031a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa032a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa033a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa034e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa035b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa036b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa037b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa038b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa039f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa039b.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa040a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa041b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa042b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa043a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa044a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa045a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa046a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa047a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| LATERAL FRICATIVE | ipa048a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | |
| ipa049e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| APPROXIMANT | ipa050a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | |
| ipa051a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa052b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa053f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa053e.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa054c.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with c-diacritics | ||
| LATERAL APPROXIMANT | ipa055f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| ipa055a.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa056f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa056e.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa057a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa058a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| VOWELS | ipa059f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| ipa059a1.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with upper a-diacritics | ||
| ipa059a2.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with lower a-diacritics | ||
| ipa060b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa061f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa061a1.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with upper a-diacritics | ||
| ipa061a2.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with lower a-diacritics | ||
| ipa062a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa063d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | ||
| ipa064a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa065f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa065a.gif | ![]() |
Only in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa066a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa067a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa068a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa069e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| ipa070a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa071a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa072a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa073a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa074a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa075a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa076d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | ||
| ipa077a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa078a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa079a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa080a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa081d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | ||
| ipa082a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa083a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa084d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | ||
| ipa085a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa086a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| CLICKS | ipa087f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| ipa088f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa089f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa090f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa091f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| VOICED IMPLOSIVES | ipa092f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| ipa093f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa094f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa095f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa096f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| EJECTIVES | ipa097f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| SUPRASEGMENTALS | ipa098f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| ipa099f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa100f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa101f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa102f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa103f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa104f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa105f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| TONES & WORD ACCENTS | LEVEL | ipa106f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only |
| ipa107f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa108f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa109f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa110f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa111f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa112f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| CONTOUR | ipa113f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | |
| ipa114f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa115f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa116f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa117f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa118f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| ipa119f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only | ||
| OTHER SYMBOLS | ipa120d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | |
| ipa121d.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with d-diacritics | ||
| ipa122b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa123a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa124a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa125a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa126b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa127b.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with b-diacritics | ||
| ipa128a.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with a-diacritics | ||
| ipa129e.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol and in conjunction with e-diacritics | ||
| DIACRITICS | ipa130f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (aspirated) | |
| ipa131f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (rhoticity) | ||
| ipa132f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (labialized) | ||
| ipa133f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (palatalized) | ||
| ipa134f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (velarized) | ||
| ipa135f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (pharingealized) | ||
| ipa136f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (nasal release) | ||
| ipa137f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (lateral release) | ||
| ipa138f.gif | ![]() |
Single symbol only (no audible release) | ||
Other diacritics may be placed for instance above a symbol (for symbols like
,
or
) or below a symbol (for symbols like
,
or
). We have built five series of diacritics, namely *a.gif, *b.gif, *c.gif, *d.gif and *e.gif, with which any combinatory possibility is allowed; thus, the nasal vowel
will be formed with the symbol ipa068a.gif and the diacritic dia13a.gif (both *a.gif), whereas the voiceless velar nasal
will be formed with the symbol ipa019b.gif and the diacritic dia14b.gif (both *b.gif). In order to build new compound symbols, it is necessary for each case to add the appropriate gif-series to the names listed below.
| CHART 2 | Name | Symbol | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIACRITICS | dia00 | ![]() |
||
| dia01 | ![]() |
|||
| dia02 | ![]() |
|||
| dia03 | ![]() |
Mid-level, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia04 | ![]() |
|||
| dia05 | ![]() |
|||
| dia06 | ![]() |
Rising-contour, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia07 | ![]() |
|||
| dia08 | ![]() |
|||
| dia09 | ![]() |
|||
| dia10 | ![]() |
|||
| dia11 | ![]() |
Centralized, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia12 | ![]() |
|||
| dia13 | ![]() |
Nasalized, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia14 | ![]() |
|||
| dia15 | ![]() |
Voiced, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia16 | ![]() |
|||
| dia17 | ![]() |
|||
| dia18 | ![]() |
|||
| dia19 | ![]() |
Retracted, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia20 | ![]() |
|||
| dia21 | ![]() |
|||
| dia22 | ![]() |
Breathy voiced, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia23 | ![]() |
Creaky voiced, e.g. ![]() |
||
| dia24 | ![]() |
|||
| dia25 | ![]() |
|||
| dia26 | ![]() |
|||
| dia27 | ![]() |
|||
| dia28 | ![]() |
|||
| dia29 | ![]() |
|||
| dia30 | ![]() |
|||
| dia31 | ![]() |
|||
| dia32 | ![]() |
Affricates and double articulations, e.g. ![]() . *a.gif and *d.gif, or *b.gif and *c.gif can be combined. *e.gif have priority over everyother *.gif (both dia32 and dia33 shall be *e.gif), and *b.gif or *c.gif have prioriry over *a.gif and *d.gif. |
||
| dia33 | ![]() |
|||
| dia34 | ![]() |
Velarized or pharyngealized, e.g. ![]() |